Welcome to Energy Markets Daily, brought to you by DailyDominanceNow.com. Friday, November 14, 2025. Before we begin—a quick note. Our producer is on vacation, so today's episode is pre-set and won't include live market updates. We'll be back Monday, November 17th, with real-time analysis. Today, we're focusing on Argentina: South America's sleeping energy giant that's finally waking up. **The Argentina Energy Thesis** Argentina holds the world's second-largest shale gas reserves and fourth-largest shale oil reserves. The Vaca Muerta formation alone contains 308 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 16 billion barrels of oil. For context, that's comparable to the Eagle Ford and Bakken combined. Yet for decades, Argentina underproduced. Why? Political instability, currency controls, export restrictions, and a hostile investment climate. That's changing under President Javier Milei. **Vaca Muerta - The Game Changer** Vaca Muerta means "Dead Cow" in Spanish. But there's nothing dead about this play. Located in the Neuquén Basin in western Argentina, Vaca Muerta spans 30,000 square kilometers. It's one of the largest unconventional shale formations in the world. **Oil production:** Currently 400,000 barrels per day. Projected to reach 1 million barrels per day by 2030. **Gas production:** 80 million cubic meters per day. Projected to double by 2027. The geology is proven. The technology is proven. What was missing was the policy framework. **Milei's Reforms** Since taking office in December 2023, President Milei has implemented sweeping reforms: **Currency liberalization:** Eliminated capital controls. The peso is stabilizing. **Export freedom:** Lifted restrictions on oil and gas exports. Argentina can now compete globally. **Tax incentives:** New investment regime offers 30-year tax stability for energy projects over $200 million. **Deregulation:** Streamlined permitting for pipelines, LNG terminals, and export infrastructure. The result: Foreign capital is flooding in. **Where the Opportunities Are** **Vaca Muerta upstream:** Majors like ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, and TotalEnergies are expanding drilling programs. YPF, Argentina's state oil company, is ramping up production. **Midstream infrastructure:** Argentina needs pipelines. The Néstor Kirchner gas pipeline, completed in 2023, connects Vaca Muerta to Buenos Aires. More pipelines are planned. **LNG export terminals:** Argentina is building LNG export capacity. The first floating LNG terminal is expected by 2027. This opens access to Asian and European markets. **Power generation:** Argentina is shifting from imported LNG to domestic gas. This lowers electricity costs and boosts industrial competitiveness. **The Geopolitical Angle** Argentina's energy boom has global implications. **Europe:** Needs alternatives to Russian gas. Argentina's LNG could fill the gap. **Brazil:** Argentina's neighbor is a massive energy consumer. Cross-border gas pipelines are expanding. **China:** Already investing heavily in Argentine energy infrastructure. Sinopec and CNOOC have stakes in Vaca Muerta projects. Argentina is positioning itself as a strategic energy supplier to the world. **The Risks** Let's be clear. Argentina isn't easy. **Political risk:** Milei's reforms are bold, but Argentina has a history of policy reversals. The 2027 election will be critical. **Currency risk:** The peso has stabilized, but inflation remains elevated. Dollar-denominated contracts are essential. **Infrastructure bottlenecks:** Pipelines, ports, and LNG terminals take time to build. Production is outpacing infrastructure. **Labor unrest:** Argentina's unions are powerful. Strikes and protests can disrupt operations. But here's the thing: the upside is asymmetric. If Milei's reforms stick, Argentina becomes a top-five global energy exporter by 2035. **How to Play It** **Direct exposure:** YPF (NYSE: YPF) is the primary vehicle. Also watch Vista Energy (NYSE: VIST) and Pampa Energía (NYSE: PAM). **Majors with exposure:** ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, and TotalEnergies all have Vaca Muerta operations. **Midstream and LNG:** Companies building pipelines and export terminals. TGS (NYSE: TGS) is a key midstream player. **Sovereign bonds:** For those willing to take currency risk, Argentine energy-backed bonds offer high yields. **Catalyst Watch** **2025:** Vaca Muerta oil production hits 500,000 barrels per day. **2027:** First LNG export terminal comes online. This is the inflection point. **2030:** Argentina targets 1 million barrels per day of oil and 160 million cubic meters per day of gas. **The Levels That Matter** Brent crude: Support at $70. Resistance at $75. Natural gas (Henry Hub): Support at $2.80. Resistance at $3.00. YPF (NYSE: YPF): Watch for breakout above $30. **Final Word** Argentina is the last major unconventional shale play outside North America. The reserves are world-class. The reforms are real. The capital is coming. This isn't a trade. It's a generational opportunity. For inquiries: [email protected]. Subject: Energy Capital. This is Energy Markets Daily. We'll see you Monday, November 17th, with live market updates.

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