The Vilna Ghetto Resistance was led by the United Partisan Organization (FPO), which was the first underground resistance organization in a Jewish ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe. The FPO was founded in January 1942 with the goals of resisting the Nazis, preparing for armed combat, and joining forces with other partisan groups The Vilna Ghetto was established in September 1941 and confined around 40,000 Jews in deplorable conditions. The Jews faced constant threats of deportation to concentration camps and mass executions in the Ponary forest, where approximately 70,000 Jews were murdered. The FPO's resistance was a response to the Nazi regime's efforts to liquidate the remaining Jewish ghettos. On September 1, 1943, the Germans began the final liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto. The FPO, though poorly armed, engaged the Germans in fierce street battles, utilizing their knowledge of the local terrain to mount effective resistance. The resistance fighters were ultimately overwhelmed by the superior German forces. Many fighters were killed, while others escaped and joined partisan groups in the surrounding forests. The FPO members who escaped continued their resistance as partisans, carrying out guerrilla warfare against the Germans. They engaged in sabotage, ambushes, and other operations to disrupt Nazi activities.

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