The Babylonian Empire, rising under Hammurabi in the 18th century BCE, was one of Mesopotamia’s most influential powers. Hammurabi expanded Babylon through conquest and diplomacy, but his enduring legacy was Hammurabi’s Code—the first comprehensive written legal system. This law introduced fairness, accountability, and consistency, laying foundations that influenced later Roman, English, and modern law.Babylon thrived as a center of mathematics, astronomy, and culture. Its base-60 number system shaped our modern concepts of time and geometry, while its myths, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh and Enuma Elish, preserved ancient stories and elevated Marduk as the supreme deity.Centuries later, Nebuchadnezzar II revived Babylon’s power, creating monumental works like the Ishtar Gate and the legendary Hanging Gardens, while expanding the empire through campaigns such as the conquest of Jerusalem. For outsiders, Babylon became both a symbol of grandeur and of oppression.The empire fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE, but Babylon’s cultural, scientific, and legal legacies endured. To history, Babylon is remembered not only for its power and monuments but also as a civilization that provided the blueprint for law, governance, and scholarship.

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