Having laid waste to the once glorious city of Baghdad, Hulegu Ilkhan now sets his sights east of the Euphrates, to the fertile lands of Syria and Egypt beyond. But what's to follow will set of a momentous clash in Galilee, at a spring called Ain Jalut, that will shake the very fundaments of history...

Time Period Covered:
1258-1260 CE

Major Historical Figures:
Mongol Empire:
Mongke Khaghan
Khubilai Ilkhan
Ariq Boke
Ilkhanate:
Hulegu Ilkhan
General Baiju
General Kitbuqa [d. 1260]

Ayyubid Dynasty:
al-Muzzam Turanshah
al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf
al-Aziz
al-Zayn al-Hafizi

Mamluks:
Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Baybars al Bunduqdari, "The Great Lord Panther"

European Christendom:
King Louis IX of France
Bohemond V of Antioch
Bohemond VI of Antioch
King Hethum I of Cilicia

Major Sources Cited:
Amitai, Reuven. Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk Ilkhanate War, 1260-1281.
Amitai, Reuven. “An Exchange of Letters in Arabic Between Abakha Ilkhan and Sultan Baybars (A.H. 667/A.D. 1268-69)” in Central Asiatic Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1.
Gillespie, Alexander. Causes of War, Volume II: 1000 CE to 1400 CE.
Grousset, René. Empire of the Steppes: A history of Central Asia.
Subani, Hamad. The Secret History of Iran.
Richard, Jean. The Crusades, C.1071-1291.
Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades.
Tschanz, David W. “History’s Hinge: ‘Ain Jalut” in Saudi Aramco World.

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