People who stutter (PWS) develop fear and avoidance habits.  Unless we know how to help a pws with reducing fear and anxiety, we are not providing holistic therapy.  An embarrassing moment of stuttering or avoiding talking is "stored to the hard drive"-  it is consolidated, and it can be reconsolidated later.   You can actually feel an old memory in your soma! As Starkweather and Givens write, stuttering is a variant of PTSD (see below).   Anxiety and fear is the biggest obstacle for pws and graduate programs don't train students in CBT.  Time-Line therapy is special sauce in providing CBT for pws.  Disclosure and acceptance are essential but they take a long time.  What if you could run an antivirus scan in your brain and quarantine files of toxic memories, beliefs, and malware thoughts?  Caveat: as the wikipedia article states, you must be skilled in the delivery of this therapy. 
 
Links:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_memories#:~:text=Traumatic%20memories%20are%20formed%20after,hours%20after%20the%20initial%20experience.
https://www.stuttering-specialist.com/post/stuttering-as-a-variant-of-post-traumatic-stress-disorder

Books:
Time Line Therapy and The Basis of Personality.  James and Woodsmall
Adventures with Time Lines.  Bodenhamer & Hall

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