Toxicologist Autumn Bernal explains why harm reduction keeps her in the fight: reducing disease burden for adult smokers through better product design, rigorous toxicology, and clear science communication. She highlights the core engineering challenge for ENDS: optimizing heating to minimize emissions while effectively delivering nicotine—without the harmful constituents found in cigarettes. Bernal argues the U.S. currently applies the most science‑based, rigorous toxicology framework to ENDS regulation, despite its stringency.

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