This episode explores the life and discoveries of Johannes Kepler, the 17th-century German astronomer who revolutionized our understanding of the solar system. Building on Tycho Brahe’s precise planetary observations, Kepler formulated his three laws of planetary motion: Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, moving faster when closer to the Sun. The square of a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun. These laws confirmed the heliocentric model, provided the mathematical rigor missing from Copernicus’s theory, and laid the foundation for Newton’s law of universal gravitation. Beyond astronomy, Kepler advanced optics, improved telescopes, and contributed to early ideas of calculus. Despite personal struggles and religious turmoil, Kepler’s vision of a mathematically ordered cosmos reshaped science. His work remains central to physics, astronomy, and space exploration, reminding us that discovery requires both persistence and the courage to challenge tradition.

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