Modern scientists use the term “singularity” rather than "monad" when referring to monadic structures or events, although the word “monad” is still used when referring to the ontological and mathematical roots of science. As we shall see, that is historically how the idea of a monadic universe originated in science. Technically, a singularity is the point at which a mathematical function takes on an infinite value. In consciousness studies and psychology, it is the basic characteristic that defines consciousness. In astrophysics, it is a point of zero volume with infinite density and gravity. The Big Bang Theory postulates that our universe emerged from such a singularity and that before this event, space and time did not exist. That means the Big Bang itself took place at no place and no time, although by measuring the distance and velocities of expanding galaxies, the age of the universe has been calculated to be 13.77 billion years.

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