This episode of Thrones of Power: Empires That Changed the World explores the journey of the Greeks from independent city-states to the vast empire of Alexander the Great.The fragmented geography of Greece fostered fiercely independent polis such as Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Athens pioneered democracy, philosophy, and art, while Sparta cultivated military discipline. Despite rivalries, they shared language, religion, and traditions. Together they repelled Persian invasions during the Persian Wars, but later fell into destructive conflict during the Peloponnesian War, leaving them weakened.In the north, Macedon rose under Philip II, who united Greece with military reforms like the sarissa phalanx. His son, Alexander the Great, inherited this vision and launched a campaign that toppled the Persian Empire. From victories at Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela to the conquest of Egypt and his march into India, Alexander created one of history’s largest empires before his death at just 32.Though Alexander’s empire fragmented among his generals, it ushered in the Hellenistic Age, spreading Greek culture, language, and ideas across the known world. Philosophy, science, art, and architecture flourished in new cosmopolitan centers like Alexandria, blending Greek traditions with those of Egypt, Persia, and beyond.The Greek legacy is not only in battles and conquests but in ideas—democracy, philosophy, literature, and art—that continue to shape human civilization.

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