This document explores the historical and cultural prevalence of non-binary gender identities across various societies. It examines examples from Indigenous North America (Two-Spirit), South Asia (Hijras), Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Bakla, Waria, Fa’afafine), the Middle East and North Africa (Mukhannathun, Xanith), and pre-colonial Europe and Africa, demonstrating that diverse understandings of gender existed long before Western binary norms. The text further analyzes the impact of colonialism in suppressing these identities and highlights contemporary movements working towards legal recognition and social acceptance of non-binary genders. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding this history to foster inclusivity and challenge harmful misconceptions.

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