In this episode Joe discusses the use of shifting keys and tonalities in creating an unlimited reservoir of chord progressions. This influences melodic construction as well as shifting moods and tonal colors, underlying and enhancing the feeling and meaning of the lyrics. Also highlighted is the use of borrowed chords, chord extensions and substitutions, pivot chords, major and minor scales and keys, as well as prepared and unprepared modulations. Examples are taken from U2, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Taylor Swift, Nirvana, Tom Petty and Bon Jovi.

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