Welcome back to Rad Onc Smart Review! This is Episode 36: Cell Cycle Gatekeepers: p53/p21 & Rb/E2F. In our previous episodes, we've delved into how cells sense and repair DNA damage. Today, we're going to focus on two critical molecular pathways that act as gatekeepers of the cell cycle, ensuring that cells don't progress with damaged DNA, which could lead to mutations and cancer. We'll explore how the tumor suppressor p53 is activated by DNA damage, its regulation by MDM2, and how p53 then induces p21 to halt the cell cycle in G1. We'll also dissect the Rb/E2F pathway, another crucial checkpoint controlling the G1 to S phase transition, and how it's regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases.

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