This is Episode 16: Normal Tissue Mechanisms: Functional Subunits, Cytokines, and Fibrosis.In our previous episodes covering normal tissue effects, we've seen how different organs respond to radiation over various timescales, manifesting as either early or late toxicities. We've also touched upon the idea that the structure and organization of a tissue, along with complex cellular signaling, profoundly influence these responses. Today, we're going to delve deeper into the "how" and "why" behind these normal tissue reactions. We’ll explore the concept of Functional Subunits, or FSUs, and how their arrangement dictates an organ's tolerance and susceptibility to volume effects. We'll also revisit the distinction between early and late-responding tissues through the lens of their proliferative organization. Finally, we'll unravel the complex molecular cascade, with a special focus on key cytokines like TGF-beta, that leads to one of the most dreaded late effects: radiation-induced fibrosis.

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