In this episode, we investigate how language is organised, processed, and understood within the human brain. We begin with the classical Broca–Wernicke–Geschwind model, which once defined the foundational map of language function, linking speech production, comprehension, and connectivity through specific cortical regions. While historically pivotal, we now trace its limitations and explore why modern research has moved beyond this localisation model.We then delve into newer, network-oriented perspectives—especially the Dual Stream Model—which reveal that language is supported not by isolated centres, but by complex, distributed neural pathways involving multiple regions and white matter tracts. Through this framework, we examine clinical and cognitive consequences of aphasia, patterns of hemispheric lateralisation, and the remarkable neural plasticity of children who can recover language abilities even after early left-hemisphere damage.Finally, we turn to the tools and discoveries of contemporary neurolinguistics—using neuroimaging techniques like fMRI, DTI, and EEG to visualise language networks in action, and examining the effects of bilingualism on neural structure and linguistic flexibility. This episode offers students and teachers a comprehensive, evolving view of language in the brain—an interplay of biology, cognition, learning, and linguistic experience.

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