The idea of freedom in Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) is linked to his philosophy of the will. He outlined his concept of the will in his major works “About the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason” (1808) and “The world as will and representation” (1818). According to Schopenhauer, the will (which I translate as “life force”) is the underlying force driving all human actions, goals and desires. Schopenhauer defined the will as an insatiable and irrational force that drives human beings towards reproduction and other goals such as success, fame, and wealth accumulation. From this perspective, individual freedom is influenced by the relentless demands of the will. Humans are pushed to seek the satisfaction of endless desires, leading to inevitable failure and frustration. Nonetheless, individuals aren’t defenceless against the will. In his later work “Parerga and Paralipomena” (1851), he gives advice about enhancing one’s freedom and steering away from stress, failure and frustration. On the one hand, Schopenhauer recommends a certain level of asceticism because it helps individuals break out of endless desires that are impossible to satisfy. Schopenhauer praises self-discipline and contemplation. His books argue that Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity regard self-discipline and contemplation positively; those have proven their liberating effect countless times. In addition, Schopenhauer advises his readers to engage in aesthetic experiences such as music. Art can help us forget the constant pressure of the will and societal demands. Through artistic contemplation, individuals can escape the relentless pressure of the will. Art can lead to a state of higher perception, where the will is rendered temporarily inert. Here is the link to the original article: https://johnvespasian.com/schopenhauer-and-freedom/

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