Diabetes is a metabolic risk which weakens immunity, making patients more susceptible to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, and increasing the severity of illnesses like what we have seen during COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to control blood sugar, blood pressure, cholesterol, and weight to strengthen the body’s defense system. Patients should pay attention to medication timing, blood glucose monitoring, and assess hypoglycemia risks. Diabetes-related complications include retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, gum infections, neuropathy, kidney disease, and cardiovascular risks, highlighting the need for preventive eye checkups, foot care, early recognition of symptoms, and lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, avoiding smoking/alcohol, and a healthy diet.

A practical A–H formula for long-term diabetes care can be followed:
● A is for HbA1c (target < 7%) A1C
● B for blood pressure (target

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