Advanced Geoscience & History: Explore breakthroughs in U-Pb geochronology using vesuvianite (veluites) and garnet for dating contact-reaction deposits, yielding ages of 242–250 Ma for the Norilsk area. We detail technology for removing toxic lead (Class I hazard) from cathode nickel production, improving quality and recovering silver, selenium, and tellurium. Learn about the three-stage methodology for diamond prospecting in Siberia, including 3D electrical tomography used to locate kimberlite pipes. Geochemical analysis shows a direct link between gold and Cu-Mo mineralization and high-potassium rocks. Finally, we link the Russian "Great Famine" (1601–1603) and the downfall of Tsar Boris Godunov to the catastrophic 1600 Huaynaputina volcanic eruption (Peru) and the ensuing global volcanic winter. Keywords: Geochronology, Lead removal, Kimblerlite, Godunov, Volcanic winter, Gold, Vesuvianite.

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