The phrase “the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven” is somewhat unclear. The word translated as “assembly” here is commonly translated as “church.” Since these are individuals in heaven, the term “firstborn” appears to align with verses like 2 Thessalonians 2:13 and James 1:18, where redeemed Christians are described as the “first fruits” of God—while an earthly family has only one “firstborn,” all Christians partake in this distinction as children of God. Similarly, the notion of being “enrolled” hints at the Book of Life referenced in Revelation 3:5, Luke 10:20, and Daniel 12:1. Hence, the “spirits of the righteous made perfect” likely refers to the congregation of saved souls who await those who will accept Christ. Main Text: Hebrews 12:21-23 (ESV)

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