We examine cognitive dissonance theory, exploring its origins, mechanisms, and impact on mass communication, particularly in advertising and political messaging. It also discusses strategies for managing and mitigating dissonance in media contexts and suggests avenues for future research. The second source investigates how customer disconfirmation bias—the discrepancy between expectations and post-purchase experiences—affects online rating systems. It analyses the asymptotic behaviour of ratings across different system designs (complete, aggregate, average ratings), considering factors like granularity and customer heterogeneity, to determine how accurately these systems reflect true product quality.

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