Territorial and Economic Competition: The primary drivers of conflict were disputes over land and resources between European powers, particularly Britain and France. The Hudson Bay Expedition of 1686 exemplifies early competition for resources.Indigenous Involvement: Indigenous peoples played a critical role in these conflicts, often caught between the European powers. The Wabanaki Confederacy allied with the French against the British in several wars. Dummer's War involved direct conflict between the Wabanaki and the English. Mi'kmaq resistance was also a factor in Father Le Loutre's War.Interconnected Conflicts: The wars were not isolated but part of larger global conflicts. The War of Jenkins' Ear was initially between Britain and Spain but became part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The French and Indian War was the North American theater of the Seven Years' War.Key Treaties: The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) shifted control of Acadia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay region to Britain. The Treaty of Paris (1763) resulted in France ceding most of its North American territories to Britain.The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC): The HBC established trading posts in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, using the "Made Beaver" as a standard of trade. The company had a rigid hierarchy and a significant impact on indigenous populations.Impact on Indigenous Peoples: The conflicts and trade practices significantly impacted Indigenous populations, leading to displacement and health issues.British-French Rivalry: The rivalry between Britain and France was a constant feature of these conflicts. Both sought to undermine the other's activities, and their competition extended to Europe and North America.Long-term Consequences: These conflicts resulted in a shifting of colonial control, displacement of Indigenous populations, and new political boundaries. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was a direct consequence, setting the stage for future relations between the government and First Nations.The Seven Years' War: This was a global conflict involving most major European powers. Britain gained significant territory from France and Spain as a result.

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