Sociology didn’t emerge out of nowhere. It arose during a period of massive social upheaval in the 18th and 19th centuries. Two key historical processes were industrialization and urbanization.Industrialization refers to the shift from agricultural economies to ones dominated by manufacturing and industries. This began in Britain during the Industrial Revolution, between 1760 and 1850, and soon spread across Europe and the United States. Factories replaced farms as the primary source of jobs. While industrialization brought economic growth, it also created problems like poor working conditions, child labor, and significant class divisions.Urbanization is the process where people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work. This migration led to overcrowded cities, inadequate housing, and increased poverty. Living conditions in industrial cities were often harsh, with issues like pollution, crime, and disease becoming widespread.These dramatic changes disrupted traditional ways of life. People began questioning how society worked, why inequalities persisted, and what could be done to improve social conditions. These questions laid the foundation for sociology.

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