This research review examines the potential of probiotics, both live and dead, and their metabolites in preventing and treating cancer. The authors explore various mechanisms by which probiotics might combat cancer, including immunomodulation and direct effects on cancer cells. The review highlights findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, emphasizing the need for further clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of probiotic-based cancer therapies. Significant attention is given to the role of probiotics' metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and exopolysaccharides. Finally, the authors address potential side effects and challenges associated with using probiotics as cancer treatments.

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