Andy Burnham recently said that the government is ‘in hock to the bond markets’, and the political turbulence of the past few years, not least the downfall of Liz Truss following her ‘mini-budget’, would seem to back this up. But the bond markets are only part of the picture: the actions of the Bank of England and the fiscal rules a government sets for itself also play significant roles in the decisions a chancellor can make. In this episode James is joined by former Bank of England chief economist Andy Haldane and Daniela Gabor, professor of economics at SOAS, to consider why governments are so afraid of ‘bond vigilantes’ and the increasing influence of central banks on policy since the financial crisis of 2008. Should the Bank of England remain independent? And what room for manoeuvre does Rachel Reeves have in her budget next month?

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