Dr. Nikolay Kukushkin is a neuroscientist, molecular biologist, and author of One Hand Clapping: A Natural History of the Mind — a groundbreaking exploration of how consciousness, memory, and intelligence evolved from the simplest forms of life.In this episode, Nikolay reveals the extraordinary idea that memory isn’t just in your brain — it’s a universal feature of life itself. Every cell in your body can “remember” patterns of experience, learn from them, and change its behavior — using the same molecular logic that neurons use to form thoughts. This ancient cellular intelligence may even hold the key to understanding consciousness, emotion, and the mind-body connection.Expect to learn why the difference between mind and body is an illusion, how single cells can distinguish patterns in time, why the same molecules that encode your memories also regulate your organs, how consciousness emerges gradually through information integration, why information might be more fundamental than matter, how AI and synthetic biology could help us rebuild the mind from first principles, the mystery of “obelisks” — unknown structures hidden inside your cells — and what all this means for trauma, emotion, free will, and the future of neuroscience.Timestamps: 00:00 Intro03:15 Understanding Cellular Memory06:20 Emergence of Memory: Human vs. Cellular09:03 Defining Memory: Perspectives and Critiques12:21 Research on Non-Neural Memory15:20 The Spacing Effect in Cellular Memory18:24 Mechanisms of Memory Encoding in Cells21:04 Cellular Memory and Emotion24:22 Consciousness in Cells: A Philosophical Inquiry27:08 Implications of Cellular Memory for Biology and Medicine30:10 The Future of Understanding Consciousness39:57 The Nature of Consciousness43:10 Reframing Our Understanding of Consciousness45:53 Tracing the Origins of Consciousness48:46 Information vs. Matter: The Fundamental Debate52:24 Artificial Consciousness: A New Frontier55:35 The Ethics of AI and Consciousness57:46 Defining Consciousness: A Democratic Process?01:00:51 The Expansive Potential of Biological Understanding01:03:02 The Future of AI and Consciousness01:09:26 The Mystery of Obelisks and Genetic Composition01:13:57 Synthetic Biology: The Future of Creation01:18:01 Exploring Cellular Memory and Its Implications01:22:00 The Gut-Brain Connection and Memory01:26:51 Trauma and the Body: A New Perspective01:29:52 Shifting Perspectives on Dopamine and Language...Neuroscience Products I Swear By (Supports the Channel)Sentia Spirits: https://sentiaspirits.com/mcgloughlin4209355084Manta Sleep Mask: Get the Comfiest Sleep Mask on the Planet (Use Code GIANTSMANTA10 https://bit.ly/4ilzfBL )Brain.FM: Music Entrainment for Focused Deep Work (30 Day Free Trial: https://www.brain.fm/giantsshoulder)Consensus.AI: https://get.consensus.app/we00d2cmjpqeFollow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/5m3Gta5MtIYdk59pb2GJ7M?si=b33232eae67b4126Apple Podcasts - https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/brief-enquiry-to-the-brain/id1752486249

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