Reynolds, J. R. & Baird, C. L. (2010). Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars? Unrealized Educational Expectations and Symptoms of Depression. American Sociological Review 75(1) 151–172. DOI: 10.1177/0003122409357064. “What explains our failure to find empirical support for such a longstanding premise in the social psychology of achievement and the popular imagination? The lack of negative emotional consequences of unrealized expectations is in line with the adaptive resilience perspective, which highlights young adults’ ability to problem solve, find offsetting benefits from challenging circumstances, and otherwise focus on the positive aspects of detours in the transition to adulthood. Perhaps, in a country that trumpets competition and the American Dream, ambitious individuals receive positive feedback that offsets the emotional costs of falling short.”The main findings in this article indicate that we should not be in a hurry to dissuade ‘‘unpromising’’ students from planning to go to college. In fact, the only way to guarantee negative mental health outcomes is not trying. Aiming high and failing is not consequential for mental health, while trying may lead to higher achievements and its concomitant mental and material benefits.Musschenga, B. (2019). Is there a problem with false hope? Journal of Medical Philosophy, 44(4), 423-441. J Med Philos. 2019 Jul; 44(4): 423–441. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhz010According to Snyder et al., people with “high hope”—a high degree of hope—are not guilty of distorting reality. However, they do have positive illusions. They have a too positive view of themselves, reality, and their possibilities and opportunities. People with “low hope”—little hope—are the ones who suffer from distortion of reality, as well as processes of denial and repression, according to Snyder et al. People with “high hope” stay within what the psychologist Roy Baumeister (1989) calls the “optimal margin of illusion.” Their illusions have beneficial effects and improve their adaptation to reality. According to Snyder et al., false hope is also associated with the pursuit of too many objectives at the same time or by choosing the wrong paths to achieve one’s goal. Even those phenomena do not occur among people with “high hopes.” They conclude that false hope does not exist, by which they mean that false hope is absent among people who really hope—who have “high hopes.”Dunning-Kruger Effect (2003): Some people substantially overestimate their abilities. Typically less competent people are the more they overestimate their abilities. Typically honest overconfidence is rewarded with high social status-Cameron AndersonForbes list of 10 things confident people do (July 21, 2017)Get things done-build on accomplishmentsMonitor progressDo the right thing-live by a value systemExercise (memory retention, focus, prevents stress and depression)Be fearless-be willing to be overwhelmed and failStand up for yourself-courageFollow through-Work and give meaning to your words: determinationThink long-term-sacrifice for bigger payoffsDon’t care what others think-resoluteDo more of what makes you happyFalse Hope SyndromeThe False-Hope Syndrome: Unfulfilled Expectations of Self-Change: Janet Polivy  and C. Peter Herman–Highly linked to cognitive distortions
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