This academic review article from Wenshuo Zhou et al., discusses the advancements and applications of RNA vaccines for treating and preventing infectious diseases. It focuses on the three major types of RNA vaccines: conventional mRNA vaccines, circular RNA vaccines, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines. The article explores the history, development, advantages, and challenges of each type of vaccine and examines their effectiveness against diseases like COVID-19, dengue fever, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It also analyzes various RNA delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), protamine, and hydrogels, highlighting their potential in enhancing vaccine efficacy and safety.

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