Koretz, D. (2009). Measuring Up: What Educational Testing Really Tells Us. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1503gxj

This excerpt from Daniel Koretz's Measuring Up explains the fundamental principles of educational achievement testing, using the analogy of a political poll to illustrate key concepts. The core idea is the "sampling principle," highlighting that tests measure only a small sample of a student's overall knowledge ("the domain"). The text discusses the importance of careful sampling, standardization, item difficulty ("discrimination"), and reliability in ensuring that test scores accurately reflect students' abilities. Finally, it addresses the issue of score inflation, caused by test preparation focusing on specific tested material rather than the broader domain.
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