While most nineteenth-century philosophers focused their efforts on epistemology and social ethics, Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) stands alone in his concern for individual well- being and happiness. John Vespasian explains that Schopenhauer rejected the trend set by Kant, Fichte and Hegel because he could not see any practical application. Those three thinkers are categorised in philosophy books as “idealistic,” but I think that it’s more accurate to call them “otherworldly.” Nobody can take decisions at a reasonable speed if every time he has to check if the underlying principles are universal, eternal and categorical. No supernatural consciousness is driving nations in a particular direction. No metaphysical force prompts people to make the right decision every time. Schopenhauer held idealist thinkers at a prudent distance. In his works “About the fourfold root of the principle of sufficient reason”(1814), “The world as will and representation” (1818), and “Parerga and Paralipomena” (1851), he proposed practical steps to increase self-awareness and steer away from problems. Here is the link to the original article: https://johnvespasian.com/analysis-of-schopenhauers-philosophy-of-happiness/

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