The current H5N1 avian flu outbreak in poultry and dairy cows in the US has raised the alarm on bird flu and its transmission risk across species. At present, the virus has infected 100 million birds across 48 states and 196 dairy herds across 14 states. Luckily, the H5N1 avian flu, which is very lethal in birds, does not transmit easily into humans nor does it generally cause severe and systemic symptoms when humans are infected. Still, workers most exposed to these infected animals are testing positive with 14 human cases reported so far since 2022. In this Communicable episode, hosts Angela and Nav are joined by avian flu expert Ron Fouchier (Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Netherlands) to discuss the most recent developments of the outbreak in the US and the potential risks H5N1 virus poses to humans. Understanding of the virus from its first reported outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 to its global prevalence today is reviewed. While H5N1 bird flu does not pose as a global human health concern at present, unchecked practices in the dairy, meat, and agricultural industry sectors, in which workers are exposed to the virus, threaten to change the status quo. Learn why the threat is even more paramount in fall when human influenza or seasonal flu is widespread, and to what extent the government should also be involved in prevention and containment measures before it becomes, in Ron’s words, another “missed opportunity.”          This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Simon Galmiche of the Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.LiteratureUS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary 

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