This episode explores the intellectual ferment of the late Vedic period, focusing on the emerging debates surrounding dharma, the nature of the self (Atman), and cosmic order. The hosts discuss how the rise of urbanization and a merchant class challenged traditional Vedic beliefs and led to a shift in the understanding of dharma from outward rituals to inner ethical values. They also explore the revolutionary idea of the Atman's identity with Brahman, the ultimate reality, and its impact on later Indian philosophy and spirituality.Furthermore, the episode delves into the growing interest in understanding the cosmic order and how this led to questions about the nature of reality and the laws governing the universe. The interconnectedness of these philosophical inquiries is emphasized, particularly the view of dharma as an expression of cosmic order. The episode concludes by introducing the Upanishads as the culmination of the Late Vedic period, showcasing their profound insights into reality, the self, and the ultimate goal of human existence.

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